I. Definition & Scenarios
Per CISG Article 79, force majeure includes:

  • Natural disasters (e.g., 2024 Philippines Typhoon Jasmin)
  • Policy changes (e.g., Russia’s 12% citrus tariff)
  • Social unrest (e.g., Kazakhstan border strikes)

II. Contingency Mechanisms

(1) Backup Origin Switching
72-hour response protocol:

  • Monitor risks via China Meteorological Administration + ASEAN alerts
  • Activate backup farms in Cambodia (bananas) & Laos (mangoes)
  • Re-route via China-Laos Railway (50 reserved containers/week)

(2) Trade Term Strategy
Recommended CIP (Carriage & Insurance Paid To):

  • Risk transfers at first carrier
  • Seller covers all-risk insurance
  • Ideal for multimodal transport

(3) Insurance Solutions

  • All-risk: 0.8-1.2% premium, covers natural disasters
  • War Risk: 0.3-0.5%, for unstable regions
  • Customized policies (e.g., cold chain disruption riders)

III. Success Cases

  • Xinjiang Cherries 2024: Used Almaty保税仓 + CIP terms + war risk claim
  • Vietnamese Pineapples: Reduced spoilage from 15% to 6.8% via backup origins